AJAX - XMLHttpRequest

The XMLHttpRequest object is used to request data from a server.

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Send a Request To a Server

To send a request to a server, we use the open() and send() methods of the XMLHttpRequest object:

xhttp.open("GET", "ajax_info.txt", true); xhttp.send();

The url - A File On a Server

The url parameter of the open() method, is an address to a file on a server:

xhttp.open("GET", "ajax_test.asp", true);

The file can be any kind of file, like .txt and .xml, or server scripting files like .asp and .php (which can perform actions on the server before sending the response back).

Asynchronous - True or False?

Server requests should be sent asynchronously.

The async parameter of the open() method should be set to true:

xhttp.open("GET", "ajax_test.asp", true);

By sending asynchronously, the JavaScript does not have to wait for the server response, but can instead:

• execute other scripts while waiting for server response
• deal with the response after the response is ready

GET or POST?

GET is simpler and faster than POST, and can be used in most cases.

However, always use POST requests when:

• A cached file is not an option (update a file or database on the server).
• Sending a large amount of data to the server (POST has no size limitations).
• Sending user input (which can contain unknown characters), POST is more robust and secure than GET.

GET Requests

A simple GET request:

Example

xhttp.open("GET", "demo_get.asp");

 xhttp.send();

In the example above, you may get a cached result. To avoid this, add a unique ID to the URL:

Example

xhttp.open("GET", "demo_get.asp?t=" + Math.random());

 xhttp.send();

If you want to send information with the GET method, add the information to the URL:

Example

xhttp.open("GET", "demo_get2.asp?fname=Henry&lname=Ford");

 xhttp.send();

How the server uses the input and how the server responds to a request, is explained in a later chapter.

POST Requests

A simple POST request:

Example

xhttp.open("POST", "demo_post.asp");

 xhttp.send();

To POST data like an HTML form, add an HTTP header with setRequestHeader(). Specify the data you want to send in the send() method:

Example

xhttp.open("POST", "ajax_test.asp");

 xhttp.setRequestHeader("Content-type", "application/x-www-form-urlencoded");

 xhttp.send("fname=Henry&lname=Ford");

Synchronous Request

To execute a synchronous request, change the third parameter in the open() method to false:

xhttp.open("GET", "ajax_info.txt", false);

Sometimes async = false are used for quick testing. You will also find synchronous requests in older JavaScript code.

Since the code will wait for server completion, there is no need for an onreadystatechange function:

Example

xhttp.open("GET", "ajax_info.txt", false);

xhttp.send();

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = xhttp.responseText;